r-controlled vowels

An r-controlled vowel is a vowel followed by the letter r, where the r changes the vowel's usual pronunciation, creating a new vowel sound.

Pattern Example Words IPA (BrE) IPA (AmE)
ar car, park, star /ɑː/ /ɑr/
er her, term, fern /ɜː/ /ɝ/
ir bird, first, girl /ɜː/ /ɝ/
ur turn, burn, nurse /ɜː/ /ɝ/
or fork, storm, horse /ɔː/ /ɔr/
ear learn, pearl, early /ɜː/ /ɝ/
air fair, chair, hair /eə/ /er/
are care, share, square /eə/ /er/
ear bear, wear, pear /eə/ /er/
ear hear, fear, near /ɪə/ /ɪr/
Normal Pattern Pronunciation R-Controlled Pattern Pronunciation
cat /kæt/ cart /kɑːt/ (BrE), /kɑrt/ (AmE)
pet /pet/ pert /pɜːt/ (BrE), /pɝt/ (AmE)
bit /bɪt/ bird /bɜːd/ (BrE), /bɝd/ (AmE)
cut /kʌt/ curt /kɜːt/ (BrE), /kɝt/ (AmE)
cot /kɒt/ (BrE) cord /kɔːd/ (BrE), /kɔrd/ (AmE)