Pronouncing C

Letters of English Alphabet

Silent e making C and G soft when after it

The letter C can be pronounced as either K or S, depending on the situation.

Situation Result Example
When C is followed by a vowel sound that is A, O, U, or sometimes other vowels, in the same syllable or later in the word C is pronounced as K Cat, Car, Clay
When C is followed by a vowel sound that is E, I, or Y, in the same syllable or later in the word C is pronounced as S Cell, Cinema

Note that the pronunciation of C is determined by the vowel sound that follows it, not necessarily the immediate letter. This means that the presence of consonants between C and the vowel sound does not change the pronunciation of C.

Double C

When CC is followed by E, I, or Y, the first C is usually /k/ and the second softens:

Situation Pronunciation Example
Jab C ke baad A, O, U aaye Tab ussey K padhte hai Cat, Car, Clay (kat, kar, klay)
Jab C ke baad E, I, Y aaye Tab ussey C padhte hai Cell, Cinema (sell, sinema)

Examples

C → /k/ before A

Word IPA
cat /kæt/
can /kæn/
cap /kæp/
camera /ˈkæmərə/
camp /kæmp/
candle /ˈkændl/
cabin /ˈkæbɪn/
cabbage /ˈkæbɪdʒ/
cake /keɪk/
call /kɔːl/
calm /kɑːm/
camel /ˈkæməl/
canal /kəˈnæl/
cancel /ˈkænsəl/
capture /ˈkæptʃər/
captain /ˈkæptɪn/
carbon /ˈkɑːrbən/
card /kɑːrd/
care /ker/
carpet /ˈkɑːrpɪt/
carrot /ˈkærət/
carry /ˈkæri/
castle /ˈkæsəl/
casual /ˈkæʒuəl/
category /ˈkætəɡɔːri/

C → /k/ before O

Word IPA
coat /koʊt/
cold /koʊld/
coffee /ˈkɔːfi/
coin /kɔɪn/
color /ˈkʌlər/
column /ˈkɑːləm/
company /ˈkʌmpəni/
common /ˈkɑːmən/
control /kənˈtroʊl/
cotton /ˈkɑːtən/
copy /ˈkɑːpi/
coral /ˈkɔːrəl/
corner /ˈkɔːrnər/
correct /kəˈrekt/
cost /kɔːst/
cottage /ˈkɑːtɪdʒ/
country /ˈkʌntri/
couple /ˈkʌpəl/
course /kɔːrs/
court /kɔːrt/

C → /k/ before U

Word IPA
cup /kʌp/
cube /kjuːb/
cure /kjʊr/
curious /ˈkjʊriəs/
culture /ˈkʌltʃər/
curtain /ˈkɜːrtən/
custom /ˈkʌstəm/
customer /ˈkʌstəmər/
cushion /ˈkʊʃən/
current /ˈkɜːrənt/
cupful /ˈkʌpfəl/
cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/
cucumber /ˈkjuːkʌmbər/
cubic /ˈkjuːbɪk/
custody /ˈkʌstədi/

C → /s/ before E

Word IPA
cell /sel/
cent /sent/
center /ˈsentər/
cereal /ˈsɪriəl/
celebrate /ˈseləbreɪt/
celebration /ˌseləˈbreɪʃən/
ceiling /ˈsiːlɪŋ/
cement /səˈment/
century /ˈsentʃəri/
certain /ˈsɜːrtən/
certificate /sərˈtɪfɪkət/
ceremony /ˈserəmoʊni/
cease /siːs/
cedar /ˈsiːdər/
censor /ˈsensər/
census /ˈsensəs/
cemetery /ˈseməteri/
central /ˈsentrəl/
celery /ˈseləri/
cedarwood /ˈsiːdərwʊd/

C → /s/ before I

Word IPA
city /ˈsɪti/
circle /ˈsɜːrkəl/
cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/
civil /ˈsɪvəl/
citizen /ˈsɪtɪzən/
cider /ˈsaɪdər/
cigar /sɪˈɡɑːr/
cigarette /ˌsɪɡəˈret/
cinnamon /ˈsɪnəmən/
circumstance /ˈsɜːrkəmstæns/
circuit /ˈsɜːrkɪt/
circular /ˈsɜːrkjələr/
citation /saɪˈteɪʃən/
civilian /səˈvɪliən/
civilization /ˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃən/
cipher /ˈsaɪfər/
cistern /ˈsɪstərn/
citrus /ˈsɪtrəs/
circulation /ˌsɜːrkjəˈleɪʃən/
citation /saɪˈteɪʃən/

C → /s/ before Y

Word IPA
cycle /ˈsaɪkəl/
cyclist /ˈsaɪklɪst/
cycling /ˈsaɪklɪŋ/
cylinder /ˈsɪlɪndər/
cynical /ˈsɪnɪkəl/
cyst /sɪst/
cyber /ˈsaɪbər/
cyan /ˈsaɪæn/
cyclone /ˈsaɪkloʊn/
cyborg /ˈsaɪbɔːrɡ/
cyberspace /ˈsaɪbərspeɪs/
cybernetics /ˌsaɪbərˈnetɪks/
cytology /saɪˈtɑːlədʒi/
cystic /ˈsɪstɪk/
cycad /ˈsaɪkæd/

C before Consonants → /k/

CL

Words
class
clean
clock
climb
cloth
cloud
clerk
clamp
clever
cliff

CR

Words
crab
cry
cream
crown
credit
crystal
crash
crop
create
crawl

CT

Words
act
actor
action
active
activity
factor
factory
tractor
practice
contact

CK

Words
back
black
lock
duck
packet
ticket
jacket
rocket
pocket
socket

C at the End of Words → Usually /k/

Words
music
picnic
public
republic
comic
traffic
panic
logic
magic
basic
fantastic
elastic
plastic
academic
historic
electric
economic
specific
domestic
arithmetic

The Rule to Memorize

Following Letter Sound
E /s/
I /s/
Y /s/
A /k/
O /k/
U /k/
Consonant /k/
End of word Usually /k/

Mnemonic:
C + E, I, Y → /s/ (Soft C)
C + A, O, U, consonant, or word end → /k/ (Hard C)